Apparatus for continuously predicting trends in boserved data



June 2l, 1949. v D. E suNs'rElN 2,474,074

APPARATUS FOR CONTINUOUSLY PREDICTING TRENDS IN OBSERVED DATA 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed April 28. 1945 6 452| 987 IIIIO Ilunll lill-.Il I-IIIIOIIIII.-

INVENTOR. DAV/D E. SUNSTE/N AT TORNEYS June 21, 1949. D. E suNsTElN 2,474,074

' APPARATUS FOR CONTINUOUSLY PREDICTING TRENDS IN OBSERVED DATA 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed April 28. 1945 INVENToR. 0A V/o E. su/vs TE//v Tmp/Veys June 2'1, 1949. D. E. suNsTElN 2,474,074

APPARATUS FOR CONTINUOUSLY PREDICTING TREDS IN OBSERVED DATA s sheets-sheet s Filed April 28. 1945 MULTIPLE LIMIT BRIDGE AM PLIFIER INVENTOR. DA V/D E. SUNSTE//V g (YZ/UM A T Tom/Fys Patented June 2l,- 1 949 APPARATUS FOR CONTINUOUSLY PREDICT- ING TRENDS IN OBSERVED DATA David E. Sunstein, Elkins Park, Pa., assignorl to Philco Corporation, a corporation of Pennsylvania Application April 2s, 1945, serial Nb. 590,811

8 Claims.

My invention relates to the method of and means for indicating the trend of values of devices during the process of manufacture thereof, and more specifically relates to apparatus and methods for continuously and visually producing a constantly changing curve showing at any instant the distribution of the values of a predetermined number of devices made just prior to that instant.

In production testing any manufactured article, it is desirable in order that the quality of the manufactured product may be controlled to know during the manufacturing operations the distribution curve resulting from any given test imposed on the manufactured article. Thus, for example, in the manufacture of resistors, test data on the resistance values of sample lots of resistors are made. If the resistance value ofthe resistors deviates beyond predetermined limits, corrections should be made in the manufacturing process in order to bring the resistance values of further resistors manufactured Within the prescribed limits.

Methods of effecting such control has been the subject of extensive investigation but heretofore no commercially satisfactory arrangement has been devised due to a number of factors. For one Ithing, the indications provided by any one batch of resistors may be misleading unless it is related to test results preceding and following such test results. Thus, for example, if in the manufacture of resistors whose desired resistance is 100 ohms, the resistors deviate within a permissible value on either -side of this value, the resistors are acceptable.` Moreover, deviations beyond this permissible value are to be expected for a reasonable percentage of the manufactured resistors. If these conditions obtain, no change in manufacturing process should be made notwithstanding the fact that some resistors may have values outside the permissible deviations.

It is accordingly desirable that the manufacturing control shall be in accordance with the test results whichV continuously show an overal picture of the manufacturing process.

A further factor in manufacturing control is the time element. Test data used in manufacturing control must be of the latest devices made since otherwise controls opposite in nature from those which should be made may be effected due to changes which have occurred in the manufac turing process since the last test. Thus if the latest tested resistors mentioned above indicate values which areV too high and if this fact isy noted only after a change has occurred inthe manufacturing process so that resistors coming olf the production line are too low, a further correction toward lower value will be disastrous to production.

Statistical methods heretofore employed have had both the defects that they did not correlate results of a number of units and that the recording and relaying of such information to the production department had a time lag which rendered the data secured relatively untrustworthy for production control.

Accordingly a primary object of my invention is to provide novel apparatus for and methods for automatically analyzing and indicating (preferably graphically) at any instant the distribution of values of a predetermined number of devices manufactured just prior to that instant.

Anotherv object of my invention is the provision of novelapparatus for and methods for automatically and graphically indicating on a vcurve the distribution at any instant of resistance values of a predetermined number of resistors tested just prior to that instant.

When such instantaneous indication is obtained at any moment for a predetermined number of devices made just before that moment, it becomes possible for the test operator himself readily to determine the degree to which the distribution of the devices tested fits within the desired test limits. Therefore the operator can instantaneously obtain accurate information to communicate to the operator of the apparatus which fabricates the devices to enable him to make an immediate adjustment.

By this means therefore, production difficulties can b'e corrected before they are actually of sufficient magnitude to cause rejections. Indeed the tendency of the distributionof the devices along the curve, for the particular characteristic tested, to shift away from a centrally positioned distribution curve toward either a high or low limit can be foreseen before a significant quantity of units is rejected.-

Automatic and instantaneous control is there-A fore made possible to analyze and instanteously control this trend and thereby to restore `the distrubtion of the articles and their curve so Athat it is properly centered with respectto the tolerances. In fact, the control of the manufacturing' operations can, by the system and apparatus of my invention, achieved. The average value of the distribution can be automatically measured and the result of this measurement can automatically be used be automatically '3 to control the apparatus fabricating the device under test in the proper direction so as to restore the distribution curve to its proper value.

As pointed out above. in the manufacture of devices of the general 'character described, it is sometimesnot alone sumcient that these devices classify generally in a proper manner over a distribution curve. but also that the speciilc number of devices for any individual group within the predetermined number so distributed should not exceed a. certain number. Thus. for instance, my novel system and apparatus Provides Tan indication at any instant of the distribution of the last 80 resistors or other devices made just prior to that instant. For example,

where the resistor is to have a resistance of 100 ohms, a distribution curve may be: 2 resistors at 88 ohms; 8 at 92 ohms; 17 at 96 ohms; 25 at 100 ohms; 17 at 104 ohms; 8 at 108 ohms; 2 at 112 ohms; and 1 at 116 ohms (all the grades being plus or minus 2 ohms),

In the case of a distribution of this type where the number of resistors within the 100 ohm classification increases substantially beyond the curve thus indicated, the result is satisfactory, possibly indicating, however, unnecessarily narrow limits of tolerance earlier in theprocess. Where, however, even though the distribution curve is generally maintained, the number of re-A sistors testing at 104 ohms increases to a substantial degree, say beyond 20, for the last batch of 80, then even though the distribution curve may generally be bell-shaped, instantaneous means should exist for immediately indicating the fact that a relatively large number of resistors is being made which varies in one direction from the optimum.

Accordingly, another object of my invention is the provision of means in connection with the indicating and testing system above described, for creating an aural or visual alarm or a comblnation of both when the number of devices for a specific classification within the distribution curye exceeds a maximum limit. Again the indication here given may be one which automatically stops the manufacturing operation or which automatically adjusts the manufacturing operation in accordance with, the excessive variation thus indicated.v y

A part of my invention resides in obtaining a distribution curve which gives at any instant the distribution of a. particular characteristic of a predetermined number of devices, the devices having been made and tested just prior to that particular instant.

Another object of my invention therefore, is the arrangement of a system and apparatus whereby after the predetermined number of devices have been made and tested, the making and testing of an additional device and the adding of the test l result thereof to the distribution curve will resuit in simultaneous subtraction from the distribution curve of the test result of the earliest device made, i. e., just prior to ,the predetermined number which includes the latest device. By this means therefor, the distribution curve is constantly changing, always showing test results of a predetermined number N (such as 80) of ,devices made and always giving an immediate and clear picture of the distribution.

Where it is desired to determine a trend, that is, the direction of shift in the distribution curve, it is only necessary to watch the distribution curve as a number of devices are made and determine 4 the direction in which the constantly changing curve shifts.

Recording means may also be provided in connection with my novel system to record the distribution curve from instant to instant and thus provide a graphic illustration not merely of the distribution curve 'at any instant but of the de-- gree and direction of shift of the distribution curve.

Accordingly. still another object of my invention is the provision of means for determining at any instant the test result distribution of a predetermined number of devices made just prior to that instant and for determining the trend of the distribution curve over a relatively short period of time so that corrections may be made before the distribution curve approaches a point where rejections occur.

Heretofore where devices were manufactured and tested, it has been necessary individually to test the devices and make a statistical analysis and chart a distribution curve. Since this a relatively slow and tedious operation, it was found desirable to make sample tests rather than slow up the operation of the manufacturing process. Therefore sample devices were selected at random from the production batch, as close to the manufacturing process as possible, and analyzed,

' the distribution curve studied and the fabricating process adjusted accordingly. Such tests, even thought made at frequent intervals from relatively large samples, never gave an instantaneous indication and always provided a record simply of what the production quality had been a substantial time before.

Sometimes the only method for determining that the fabricating machine or process was producing devices which were not distributed properly along the curve was by information given by the test operator that "too many of the devices exceeded or were below specification. Thereupon the machine was slowed up, adjustments were made, and the devices carefully tested until the proper distribution was obtained.

By the utilization of my novel system and apparatus, instantaneous indications are given continuously of the distribution of the devices along the curve for a particular characteristic. Not only will my novel system and apparatus provide such an instantaneous indication but it will also indicate the trend. Thus, even though the distribution curve may at any instant become unbalanced, watching the change in the curve over a short period will make possible the determination whether the distribution is correcting itself or whether the apparatus requires adjustment and correction.

A further object of my invention therefore is a provision of a system and apparatus for determining the distribution of devices along the curve for a particular characteristic, which system and apparatus will avoid the necessity for complex tedious and production-delaying statistical analysis.

The foregoing and many other objects of my invention will become apparent from the following description and drawings in which Figure 1, is a front view of `the indicator operated by the novel system and apparatus of my invention for showing at any instant the distribution of a predetermined number of devices made just prior to that instant over a curve for a particular characteristic.

Figure 2 is a side view of the operating drum of my novel system and apparatus, which drum regulates the number oi devices shown at any instant on the distribution curve of Figure 1 by subtracting from the curve of Figure i continuously as devices are added thereto, devices which at any instant fall outside the predetermined number. l

Figure 3 is a side view ofa. portion of the apparatus of Figures 1 and 2 showing the specic means by. which the individual indicating elements of Figure 1 may be operated into position.

Figure 4 is a schematic view showing the association of the apparatus of Figures 1 to 3 with a resistance limit bridge for testing resistors for their distribution-1 with respect to ohmic value.

Generally, in order to indicate automatically the distribution of a given characteristic of a product, my novel method includes the following steps:

The device is tested unit by unit by a suitable means commensurate with the particular product and the characteristic for which the test is made. Each unit test is such as to give information classifying the particular unit under test into one of a plurality of groups, each group representing numerical differences of quality of the product. The information so obtained is used to actuate a multiplicity of counters, one counter for each group. The particular counter corresponding to the particular group into which a particular component falls is advanced one unit for every device under test which showsby the test that it falls into the group represented by the particular counter.

The information obtained from the test which feeds the group of counters is also supplied to a group of storage devices, which indicate the particular sequence of groups into which the characteristics of the tested device falls. Whenever a given counter is actuated by a component under test falling into the particular group for that counter, a particular storage element is simultaneously actuated. The storage elements function so that any given actuation thereforv is retained for a predetermined number of successive tests after the given test. The storage system supplies to the apparatus a means indicating that the given test classified the device under test into a predetermined group. This storage element is subsequently used to subtract one unit from the counter reading previously obtained for that group at the end of the predetermined number of intervening tests.

Thus as the devices are tested a given counter will be advanced one unit if the device under test falls into a category represented by that counter; and after a predetermined number of successive tests that same counter will have whatever count is thenindicated thereby reduced by one unit. In this manner the counters will indicate the distribution curve of the predetermined number of devices last tested and this indication of a distribution curve will always be maintained up to date or rather up to the particular instant` Referring now to Figure l, the indicating device comprises a housing I having anopening II inwhich indicating counters I2, I3, I4, I5, I6, I1, Il and I9 are visible. The indicating counters IZ-IS comprise a plurality of vertically movable rods (or appropriately colored extensions of vertically movable rods), the said rods or counters moving in front of a vertical scale card 2i. indicating device III and its scale card 2i are shown arranged for the graphical and instantaneous analysis `and indication of the distribution curve of the quality or value of 80 units.

The

As previously pointed out. when the value of the 81st unit is at any instant added -to the indicating device so as to elevate one of the counters I27-.I9 by one step, the first of the prior 80 indications stored in the indicating device'is subtra'cted. Thus, for instance, if the units being I tested are resistors, and if at any instant the first-of the resistors graphically shown was one which had a test value of 96 ohms and if at that instant the 81st resistor has a test value'oi 100 ohms, then the counter I5 for 100 ohms is raised one step and t e counter I4 for 96 ohms is simultaneously low red one step.

If in the foregoing example the rst and the 81st resistor each tested at 100 ohms, the counter I5 remains stationary. Therefore the indicating device of Figure 1 continuously shows at any instant the quality of the last k80 devices manufactured. The scale card 2| is here calibrated for values. The distribution curve shown in Figure 1,

however, gives an indication of a trend toward a higher value. This is so because counter I1 for 108 ohms is shown slightly higher than counter I3 for 92 ohms, counter I8 is shown at a higher level than counter I2, and counter I6 is shown at a higher level than counter I4. Should the curve shift slightly so that any of the counters I6, I1, I8 and I9 rise a step and any of the counters I2 to I5 drop a step, that will be an instantaneous indication that the trend of the distribution curve is toward excessive resistance and immediate correction should be made to restore the distribution curve to balance.

For various testing purposes, different optimumV curves may be preferred and the scale card 2I may -have a standard distribution curve 25 printed or drawn thereon so that the operator will obtain an immediate indication of variation in the distribution curve.

It will b e obvious that so long as counter I5 extends above the standard curve 25 and al1 the other counters below the standard curve 25, that a curve which is even better than the standard distribution curve is obtained and relatively little adjustment need be made unless a trend appears showing a possibility of an abnormal number of resistors having too high or too low an ohmic value. e v

The condition of the indicator of Figure 1 will obtain only when the indicator has not been watched for afew moments since the fact that counters I6, I1 and I8 lare above the optimum curve 25 provides an indication of a trend toward too high an ohmic value. Correction will ordinarily have been made of the apparatus before the positions of counters I6, I1 and IB of Figure 1 'will have beenV reached.

The counters I2 to I9 extend below the viewing portion II of the indicator I0 into a housing wherein the apparatus shown in Figures 2 and 3 y is contained for actuation of the counters in individual to one of the counters.

The apparatus hereinafter described in con- 7 nection with Figure 4 may be utilized selectively to operate the particular actuating means for individual counters in accordance with the individual characteristics of the particular device passing through the test.

When, for instance, a particular resistor having an 4ohmic value of 96 ohms passes through' the analysis device, it will energize the solenoid 55 (Figure 3) for counter I5 to attract and raise the rod 3| which slides in guide 52. Rod 5| is pivotally connected by pin 55 to the cam member 55 having the recessed guide 51. A stationary pin 55 enters recessed guide 51 of cam 55 and predetermines the motion oi cam 55 as it is drawn up by rod 3| and then is permitted to drop once more.

As cam 35 rises, pin 55 is guided by latch 5I (on member 35) spring biased by spring 52 to the position shown, to enter section 51a of the recess 51. Latch 5| cooperates with the recess 5Ia in section 31a and the bulge 5Ic in section 51e of the recess to ensure the entry oi" pin 55 into section 31a. The cam 55 thus pivots clockwise on pin 35 against the tension of its restoring spring 53 to drive pawl 55, which is an extension of cam 56, against the teeth 55 at the lower end of rod I5.

Pawl 55 now driven into engagement with teeth 55 will, as member 55 continues to rise, pull up the tooth 55a which it engages and hence will push up rod I5. This raising movement oi' rod I5 is limited to one step on scale 2| of Figure 1 by appropriate adjustment ot the travel of rod 5I with respect to solenoid 35 and by engagement of pin 55 at the bottom 51h of recess 51.

Escapement latch 55 is pivotally mounted at 55 and is spring biased by tension spring 51 engaging arm 55 to a position where its lower pawl member 55 supports rod I5 in the particular position`to which it is raised.

When rod I5 is raised by pawl 55 engaging tooth 55a, tooth 55h is drawn away from pawl member 55. At the same moment, pin 55a on pawl 55 and pin 55a on arm 55 of escapement 55 reach the ends oi' their permitted travel in slots 55h and 55h, respectively, of link 55a, and lower pawl 55 of escapement 55 is withdrawn from -tooth 55h of rod I5, spring 51 being tensed.

Recess 31 of cam 35 then is raised to the point where pin 55 has moved down portion 51a of recess 31 to portion 31h. Tension spring 55 may now pull cam 36 counterclockwise about its pivot 35 to pull pawl 55 out of engagement with tooth 55a. As pawl 55 moves to the right, but before it disengages the teeth of rack 55, spring 51 is permitted, by the motion of link 55, to pull lower pawl 55 into engagement with tooth 55e.

At this time rod I5 has thus been raised one step and is held in the new position by reason of the fact that pawl 55 has been moved from be-f math tooth sob to beneath tooth ne.

On de-energization of the solenoid 55, rod 5| drops and cam 56 moves down so that its recess portion 31e moves down with respect to stationary pin 55, pin 55 moves past the bulge 5Ic and latch 5| moving it aside to do so, and the elements are restored to the position shown in Figure 3.

Appropriate additional mechanism may be added, such as guides 52 for rod I5, contacts 5! which are operated (as hereinafter described) by the end 55 of arm 55 to de-energize solenoid 55 at the end of the upward stroke, and an appropriate storage device for subtracting the nrst of a pre- '8 determined number of indications as a new one is added.

It is obvious that the apparatus herein described for rod I5 is duplicated for each of rods I2. I5, I5, I5, I1, I5 and I5. 'Ihe particular solenoid 55 for the particular rod is energized in accordance with the test characteristics of the device under test, the apparatus of Figure 4 selecting the particular solenoid to be energized.

The test indicia storage device above referred to comprises the drum |15 (Figures 2 and 3) which extends acr all of the rods. Drum |15 1s freely rotatable 1n its bearings m and |12 and comprises a series of racks |15 each individual to a particular rod and a seriesof test indicia storing wheels |55 each of which is also individual to a specific rod I2--I 5.

When the rod 5| (which operates indicating rod or counter I5 of Figure 3) is raised, the pin |15 carried thereby which engages slot |11 of arm 55 raises end 55 of the arm 55 about the pivot |15 against the tension oi' spring |55. This depresses the opposite end of arm 55 carrying the pawl |55. Pawl |55 i5 substantially free for counterclockwise movement about its pivot I5I, being restrained preferably only by the action of a small spring omitted from the drawing for clarity. Pawl |55 engages the particular rack |15 arranged for cooperation with the operating elements for rod |5.

When the end of arm 55 carrying pawl |55 is depressed by raising rod 3|, pawl |55 rides down the chamfered surface of the tooth on rack |15 which it engages and enters beneath that tooth. When arm 55 is then restored to the original position of Figure 3, the pawl |55 raises the particular tooth of the rack |15 which it engages and thus rotates the entire drum |15 one step.

Whenever any similar operation occurs with respect to any of the indicating rods |2-I5, drum |15 is thus rotated one step.

The indicia storing wheels |55 each have a plurality of pins |55 projecting radially therefrom. Each of the pins |55 is mounted in an individual slot |51 for movement parallel to the axis of drum |15 within the limits determined by the length of slot |51.

Where the test and analysis device is to distribute the quality or value of eighty devices along a curve for a particular characteristic, then each oi' the eight Wheels |55 on drum |15 will have more than eighty pins |55 (depending on the re-setting distance for plate |55 hereinafter described).

A crank lever |55, pivoted at I55a, is arranged so that the tapered face |55b of one arm |55 is struck and moved aside by pawl 55 when cam 35 is raised; its other arm |55a is then moved into engagement with a specific pin |55, the end of arm I89a being curved to move the pin to the right (with respect to Figure 2). This occurs on the up-stroke of rod 3|, and a spring, not shown, returns lever |55 to its initial position as pawl 55 drops and before drum |15 moves.

Thus, every time the drum |15 is rotated by pawl |55 of the mechanism for rod I5, a pin |55 on wheel |55 for that rod at a specific angular position is pushed over to the right.

When the drum |15 is rotated by the mechanism for say. rod I5, then the pin |55 on the wheel |55 for that particular rod is pushed over to the right; while all the other pins (on the other wheels) axially aligned with the pin which is pushed over, remain in their original left hand position.

Thus. at every telt the whole drum is rotated one step by the operation which advances a par,-

ticular rod |2-I 9; but only a pin |86 on the wheel I 85 for the particular rod advanced will be pushed over, the other pins on other wheels along that line being unaffected.

stroke thereof an indication is subtracted by ac` tuationof pawl |9| by the eighty-first pin clock! wise from pawl |80.

Each of the rods |2|9 has a pawl I9| and associated mechanism for lowering the rod one step. Each pawl |9| is so located that it canv only be acted on by a, pin |88 which has been pushed to the right by lever I89a.

When a pin |86 engages pawl |9I, it raises the end thereof. Pawl |9| is pivotally mounted at |93 on rod |92 which is vertically slidable in guides |94. The engaged end of pawl |9I is connected by tension spring |95 to lug |96 on rod |92. Stop |91 on rod |92 limits clockwise rota- 'tion of pawl |9| in response to spring |95 and appropriately positions pawl I9| for engagement by-a pushed-over pin |86.

As the pin |86, which has been pushed over, raises theend of pawl I9I, it raises rodll92 since spring |95 has a tension greater than the force exerted by the weight of rod I 92 and by spring 51. Rod |92 has an arm |98 extending out beneathA arm 58 of the escapement 55. Raising arm |92 raises pawl |98 to raise arm'58 and rotate pawl 60 out of engagement with tooth 50h. Rod I4 drops slightly but is held since pawl 60a of escapement 5,5 moves under tooth 50d. The drop oi rod |4 is at this time, however, sufcient to cause the edge of tooth 50h to clear the end of pawl 60 of the escapement.

The pin |86 now moves past pawl |9| by extending spring |95. Rod |92 now drops, moving pawl |98 away from arm 58; and spring 51 restores escapement 55 to the position of Figure`3. Pawl 60a is withdrawn from under tooth 50d and pawl 60 enters beneath tooth 50e, and the rod 4, is thus stepped down one step.

The pin I 86 which has actuated pawl I9I is now, in the course of its travel toward lever I89a, pushed back toward the left or non-storage position by the curved stationary plate |90; and is restored just prior to possible future actuation by lever |89a.

It will thus be seenthat a resetting or stepback operation for a rod takes place during the release stroke of the solenoid 30, whereas the advancing or raising operation of the rod occurs during the operating stroke. Accordingly `where the first of the series of eighty devices tested had actuated rod I4 and the eighty-first happens to actuate rod |4, rod |4 remains in eil'ect stationary, being raised on the up-stroke of member 3| and dropped back on the down stroke of mem ber 3|.

Thus, the actuation of any solenoid for any rod will, through lever |88 and its arm |8911, push over a pin |86 on the wheel |85 for that rod at a. specific angular portion of drum |10. No other pin aligned with that pin will be pushed over.

Accordingly, an indication is stored up by actucorresponding `to electromagnet 80 having only parts corresponding to the pawland ratchet |88 and |15. The magnet maybe provided with a. self make and break circuit of the well known type to eilect rapid energization and `de-energization thereof.

As the drum is rotated and no new settings are effected, this will cause a subtraction of the total, indicated by rods I2-|9, ias can be seen in Figure 3 where levers such as |92 operated by storage pins will cause the escapement mechanism such as 55 to subtractfrom'the total registered on their associated rods, a number just equal t0- the number of levers which have been shoved to the right hand position of their slots. Since thisv number is just equal to the total count on the rods, the rods will be returned to their bottom position. Simultaneously all values stored in the scribed. Thus, by this re-settiiig means it is pos-Y sible to make new tests which are exclusive'of all previous tests. 'This is particularly applicable when the number of samples to be tested is less than the number of units N for which the storage drum has been designed.

Successive testings thereafter will raise dinerent rods as diii'erent characteristics are recorded and push over a pin |86 for the rod raised. At the completion 'of a predetermined number, say eighty tests, the eighty-mst actuation of. a rod will be accompanied or immediately followed by the stepping back of the rod actuated in the rst test; the eighty-second actuation of a rod will be accompanied or followed by the stepping back of the rod actuated in the second test; and so on.

This willcontinue with the rods registering at any instant only the last eighty tests. Where the distribution curve is to analyze more or less than eighty tests, then thenumber ofl pins clockwise between pawl |80 and |9| will be regulated accordingly.^ l

Where, in addition to a. current and instantaneous analysis of the lasteighty (or other predetermined number) tests, a picture of all analyses is desired, card 2| may be a moving scale which .may be completely displaced by another scale at every test, or every ve or ten (or other number of tests) and rods |2-I9 may carry v record members to mark card 2| appropriately.

This will give in effect a motion picture of the quality of an hours or a days production.

Where the devices to be tested comprise successive resistors, then the relationship of the rods shown in Figure 1 to a testing circuit through the mechanical system of Figure 3 is shown in Figure 4.

The apparatus shown in Figures 1-3 may, however, be readily used as a simple tabulating machine which may be manually operated.l In this case each rod 3| for each of the counters I2-I9 may be suitably operated by a button or key individual to each rod, suitably arranged to draw leased. Or solenoids may each be individually operated by manual push-buttons to energize 'carton -them when pressed, using a'suitable relay if necessaryto lock their respective. circuits closed until rod 3| is raised and to open their respective circuits when rod 8| has completed its upward movement. The apparatus. would then be useful for rapidly tabulating theresults of tests which are now manually made, without the necessity for changing existing testlapparatus. The manual tabulating apparatus will also be of value in some,

types o1' tests, particularly when production is small, which do not lend themselves to automatic procedures because of the relative costs.

In Figure 4 circuit |00, enclosed by the dotted line, is a multiplevlimit bridge which has been shown as a bridge for testing an unknown resistor. Various ratio arms of the multiple limit bridge for various limits are indicated.

Thus, the pair of resistors |5| and |52 form one limit test: the pair of resistors |58. |54 formanother limit test; |55, |58 a, third limit test; |51, |58 a fourth limit test, etc. This bridge is energized through` a transformer |0| which is in turn energized from a source of alternating current 15.

When the resistor |02 having unknown characteristics is in position to be tested between test contacts |03 and |04, switch 8| is closed. This completes an energizing circuit through back relay contact 84 to the primary of transformer |0| for the multiple limit bridge |00. ISimultaneously it energizes the plate circuit of the vacuum tube ,phase detectors 68, 81, 88 and 88 `over a circuit including individual relays 1|to 14. X

One of the outposts of the multiple limit bridge is i'ed into ampliiier I 88. If the unknown is of higher value than the limit set by the pair of resistors associated in the multiple limit bridge with amplier |60, then tube 88 will be energized,

4eme or um associated ma m mure n-'that is. the ro'd which is associated through the mechanismofFlgure3toline84inPigure4.

When the rod corresponding to rod I4 oi' Figure `3 has risen to its i'ull travel, contactor 82 (Figure 3) is closed. This contactar 02 is also shown'in Figure 4, and it applies power to relay coil 88 which is also a slow acting coil.

r When this relay acts, relay contact Il is pulled down to close its front contact to lock the relay, and back contact 84 is opened. This disconnects the limit bridge and consequently releases the solenoid 80, thereby opening contactor 82. At the' same time, relay contacts 85 are closed. These contacts may initiate the unit advancing mechanism (not shown) which removes the resistor |02 which has been tested and advances the next unit tobe tested in the test position.-

As the resisto; which has been tested moves out of the test position, the mechanism causing suQ motion opens contacts 8|, which in turn releases relay 88, which also in turn opens contact 85.

However, this is satisfactory since contact 85 only needed to be contacted momentarily to start the changing oi resistors. After this process has started, the operation may continue without maintaining the closure of contacts 85.

With contacts 8| opened, all relaysl return to their unenergized condition ready to start another test as soon as the new resistor to be tested has moved into position into the testing mechanism.

The resistance limits set for the individual rods. shown in Figure 1, are established as has been seen by the values of the resistances used in the which in turn will energize relay coil 1|. This Iwill operate relay contact 18 whichv will disconnect line 8| and connect the contact 18 onto the relay contact associated with coil 12. Relay contact 18 is fed from the vcontacts associated with slow acting relay |2 This relay is energized as soon as .the system is energized, but is slow in act` ing and does not close until all of the relay contacts 18 are in their'appropriate position; that is, the position dictated by the actual value oi' the unknown resistance. Then the relay contacts associated with relay |2| are closed and energy is Ied out over the appropriate line 8|, 82, 88 or 84, etc. to ractivate thesolenoid'30 (Figure 3) which is connected to the appropriate rod.

Assume, for example, that the unknown is higher in value than the limit set by the combination of resistors set by |53- and |54 but is lower in value than the combination set by 5| and 52. Under these circumstances, phase detectors 66, 61 and 88 wilLall be energized, and consequently relays 1|, 12 and 18 willbe energized. However, relay 14- will be unoperated, as will lall relays therebelow, indicated by the dotted circuits. As-

multiple limit bridge.

In order to obtain eight ranges as was shown in Figure 1, it is desirable to use in the multiple limit bridge nine diierent limit positions, that is, nine pairs of resistors, each pair oi' which establishes a deilnite tolerance limit. Likewise, it is desirable to use nine amplifiers, nine phase sensitive detectors, nine associated relays.

Under these circumstances, line 8| may be arranged so that it would not go to a solenoid which would operate a rod. Instead, it may be connected to operate an alarm system or indicating mechanism which would indicate that a resistor had been tested which fell completely outside of the range indicated on the horizontal scale of Figure 1.

Likewise the line, which would lead from the closed position of the lowest ampliiler on the scale, would also indicate a resistor which was outside of the limit set on the scale of Figure 1. If it was felt desirable to do so, it could be so arranged that all "of these outside limits could tectors and seven relays.

be recorded on Figure 1. This couldbe done by making the lowest range not 88 ohms (i2) but zero to 90,1ohms and the highest range not 116 ohms (i2) but 116 ohms or greater. Under these circumstances, seven sets of resistors may be employed in the multiple limit bridge, along with seven ampliilers, seven phase sensitive de- The choice of which `of these schemes will be used will, of course, depend upon the particular circumstances associated with the tests which are to be made.

. It now can be seen that this invention allows the multiple unit limit test bridge to be applied to a system of relays which will operate a mechanical system in such a manner that the result of these tests is-shown in a graphical form.

Furthermore, as has been shown, this mechanical mechanism can be so arranged as to store the result oi' test for a prescribed number o! tests, and. to then substrct the result of the test after a certain number of tests has gone by. In this `ma`nner the'data shown on` the indicator graph is the data for. the last set of tests which have beenvmade,` and this data is continuous.

`summarizingl the above, means-are provided for obtaining a distribution curve of the quality of A, the manufactured product byautomatic -meansl In substance, the quality measure of the manufactured product is divided into aseries of groups. Thus, if 100 represents the desired quality value, the groups might range from- 100 tp 110, from' 110 to 120, from 100 down to 90, from 90 down to 80, and so on each side of the normal value of 100. For each of these quality ranges there is associated an indicator rod. This indicator rod is raised to a level which corresponds to the number of units manufactured within a certain period of time which fell within this tolerance range. The entire series of such rods associated with the entire series of tolerance ranges, then provides a visual indication of the` distribution curve of the manufacturing process over the last given number of articlesA manu- `factured.

In the above I have described a system for instantaneously producing a distribution curve derived from test results as they are being made. It will be obvious that there are many modifications my invention may assume and I do not wish to be limited by the specification embodiment I have chosen for illustrating my invention, but only by the appended claims.

I claim: g

1. In a system for production .controL means for testingidevices being manufactured for a predetermined characteristic and for classifying each of said devicesstested into one of a plurality of groups, each group representing numerical differences of the tested characteristics of the devices, a distribution curve producing mechanism, a storage mechanism for indicating the particular sequence of, groups into which the characteristics of the tested device falls, means for operating both said mechanisms underA control of said testing means, and means controlled by said storage Gmechanism and operative after a predetermined number of tests have been made for deletinggfrom said curve producing mechanism the portion of the curve produced by the earliest reading affecting the curve.

2. In a system for production control, meansfor testing a plurality of devices for a predetermined characteristic and for classifying each of said devices tested into one of a plurality of groups, each group representing numerical differences of the tested characteristics of the deaugure I 4if'tests have .been made for deleting from-the counter mechanism the reading -thhereon effected by the earliest reading, said means comprising a `storage mechanism operated in response to said ferences of the tested characteristics of the devices, counter mechanism individual to each group and selectively operated in accordance with the group into which the device tested falls, said.

counter mechanism when operated forming a curve showing the distribution of the character.- istics of the devi-ces tested, and means initiated by said iirst mentioned test and operative after a predetermined number of tests have been made for deleting from the counter mechanism the reading thereon effected by the earliest reading.

5. In a system' for production control, means for testing a plurality of devices for a predetermined characteristic and for classifying each of said devices tested into one of a plurality of groups, each group representing numerical differences of the tested characteristics of the' devices, counter mechanism individual to each group and selectively operated in accordance with the group into which the device tested falls, sald counter mechanism when operated forming a curve showing th'e distribution of the characteristics of a predetermined number of devices tested, and means operative after a predetermined number of tests have been made for deleting from the counter mechanism the reading thereon effected by the earliest reading, said means comprising a/storage mechanism operated in accordance with the group into which the characteristic of the tested `device falls and in accordance with the sequence position of the tested device with respect to other devices.

6. In a device for testing units to giye information classifying the particular unit under test into yone of a plurality of groups, each group representing numerical differences of quality of the product, a group of storage devices, each group being individual to one of said classification groups, and each group of storage devices comprising a predetermined number of storage elements, and means responsive to a test of a unit for operating one of said storage elements in one of said groups, the particular storage element vices, counter mechanism individual to each groupl and "selectively operated in accordance with the group into which the device tested falls, and

means responsive to said first mentioned tests and operative after a predetermined number of tests have been made for deleting .from the counter mechanism the reading thereon effected by the earliest reading.

- 3. In a system for production control, means for testing a plurality of devices for a predetermined characteristic, and for classifying each of said devices tested into one of a plurality of groups, each group representing numerical differences of the tested vcharacteristics of the devices, counter mechanism individual to each group and selectively operated in accordance with the group into which the device tested falls, and means operative after a predetermined number operated being determined in accordance with v'the' particular sequence of said tested unit with respect to other tested units and the particular group being in accordance with the classification into which said tested unit falls, and means controlled by said storage devices for restoring said test responsive means at the end of a predeterfmined number of intervening tests.

\ one of said storage elements in one of said groups,

the particular storage element operated being groups, and means responsive to a test and to a storage element for operating a particular counter:v

` corresponding to the particular group into which;

said tested unit falls, to indicate on said counter the numberA of units falling in said particular group.

8. In a device for testing units to give information classifying the particular unit under test into one of a plurality of groups, each group representing numerical differences of quality of the product, a group of storage devices, each group being individual to one of said classification groups and each group of storage devices comprising a predetermined number of storage elements, means responsive to a test of a unit for operating one of said storage elements in one of said groups, the particular storage element operated being determined in accordance with the vparticular' sequence of said tested unit with retween a 16 4 spectlto other tested units and group beingxin accordance with the classification into which said testedlunit falls, a plurality 0f counters, each counter being individual to one of said classifying groups, means respnsive to a test for operating'a particular counter conesponding to the particular group into which said tested unit falls, and means controlled by said storage device for .subtracting one unit from said counter readingpreviously obtained for that group at the end oi.' a. predetermined number of intervening tests.

l DAVID E. BUNBTEIND REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the ille of this patent: v

IUNITED STATES PATENTS zeibom Apr. 2a. 194s 

